Problem 2. Problem 3. Problem 4. Problem 5. Problem 6. Problem 7. Problem 8. Problem 9. Problem Video Transcript So maybe we're trying to figure out who wrote the first psychology book, the first psychology book, not as any psychology book. Which of the following psychologists was part of the Gestalt group of psycho…. Which of the following psychologists might have described himself as a human…. John Watson …. Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and retum t….
Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of sta…. Which of the following concepts is most integral to Sigmund Freud's psy…. The research methodology Wilhelm Wundt used is called A introspection. Share Question Copy Link. Report Question Typo in question. Wundt attracted students from around the world to study the new experimental psychology and work in his lab.
Students were trained to offer detailed self-reports of their reactions to various stimuli, a procedure known as introspection. The goal was to identify the elements of consciousness.
In addition to the study of sensation and perception, research was done on mental chronometry, more commonly known as reaction time.
The work of Wundt and his students demonstrated that the mind could be measured and the nature of consciousness could be revealed through scientific means. It was an exciting proposition, and one that found great interest in America.
For Titchener, the general adult mind was the proper focus for the new psychology, and he excluded from study those with mental deficiencies, children, and animals Evans, ; Titchener, Experimental psychology spread rather rapidly throughout North America. By , there were more than 40 laboratories in the United States and Canada Benjamin, Titchener felt that this new organization did not adequately represent the interests of experimental psychology, so, in , he organized a group of colleagues to create what is now known as the Society of Experimental Psychologists Goodwin, The group met annually to discuss research in experimental psychology.
Reflecting the times, women researchers were not invited or welcome. Despite many barriers, in , Washburn became the first woman in America to earn a Ph. Striking a balance between the science and practice of psychology continues to this day. In , the American Psychological Society now known as the Association for Psychological Science was founded with the central mission of advancing psychological science.
While Titchener and his followers adhered to a structural psychology, others in America were pursuing different approaches. William James, G. An interest in functionalism opened the way for the study of a wide range of approaches, including animal and comparative psychology Benjamin, William James — is regarded as writing perhaps the most influential and important book in the field of psychology, Principles of Psychology, published in Opposed to the reductionist ideas of Titchener, James proposed that consciousness is ongoing and continuous; it cannot be isolated and reduced to elements.
For James, consciousness helped us adapt to our environment in such ways as allowing us to make choices and have personal responsibility over those choices. At Harvard, James occupied a position of authority and respect in psychology and philosophy.
Through his teaching and writing, he influenced psychology for generations. One of his students, Mary Whiton Calkins — , faced many of the challenges that confronted Margaret Floy Washburn and other women interested in pursuing graduate education in psychology. With much persistence, Calkins was able to study with James at Harvard.
She eventually completed all the requirements for the doctoral degree, but Harvard refused to grant her a diploma because she was a woman. Stanley Hall — made substantial and lasting contributions to the establishment of psychology in the United States. At Johns Hopkins University, he founded the first psychological laboratory in America in In , he created the first journal of psychology in America, American Journal of Psychology.
Influenced by evolutionary theory, Hall was interested in the process of adaptation and human development. Using surveys and questionnaires to study children, Hall wrote extensively on child development and education. James McKeen Cattell — received his Ph. Like Galton, he believed society was better served by identifying those with superior intelligence and supported efforts to encourage them to reproduce.
Such beliefs were associated with eugenics the promotion of selective breeding and fueled early debates about the contributions of heredity and environment in defining who we are. At Columbia University, Cattell developed a department of psychology that became world famous also promoting psychological science through advocacy and as a publisher of scientific journals and reference works Fancher, ; Sokal, Throughout the first half of the 20th century, psychology continued to grow and flourish in America.
It was large enough to accommodate varying points of view on the nature of mind and behavior. Gestalt psychology is a good example. Therefore, Skinner spoke of reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior. As a part of his research, Skinner developed a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment.
The Skinner box is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment and has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button. When the animal pushes the button or lever, the box is able to deliver a positive reinforcement of the behavior such as food or a punishment such as a noise or a token conditioner such as a light that is correlated with either the positive reinforcement or punishment.
Despite this, conditioned learning is still used in human behavioral modification. During the early 20th century, American psychology was dominated by behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
However, some psychologists were uncomfortable with what they viewed as limited perspectives being so influential to the field. They objected to the pessimism and determinism all actions driven by the unconscious of Freud. They also disliked the reductionism, or simplifying nature, of behaviorism. Behaviorism is also deterministic at its core, because it sees human behavior as entirely determined by a combination of genetics and environment.
Thus, humanism emerged. Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Abraham Maslow — was an American psychologist who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior Figure 1.
Although this concept will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter, a brief overview will be provided here. Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met e. According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to self-actualization, a process by which we achieve our full potential. Beginning with Maslow and Rogers, there was an insistence on a humanistic research program.
This program has been largely qualitative not measurement-based , but there exist a number of quantitative research strains within humanistic psychology, including research on happiness, self-concept, meditation, and the outcomes of humanistic psychotherapy Friedman, Carl Rogers — was also an American psychologist who, like Maslow, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people Figure 1.
Rogers used a therapeutic technique known as client-centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy. Unlike a psychoanalytic approach in which the therapist plays an important role in interpreting what conscious behavior reveals about the unconscious mind, client-centered therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session.
Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. Unconditional positive regard refers to the fact that the therapist accepts their client for who they are, no matter what he or she might say. Humanism has been influential to psychology as a whole.
Both Maslow and Rogers are well-known names among students of psychology you will read more about both later in this text , and their ideas have influenced many scholars. View a brief video of Carl Rogers describing his therapeutic approach to learn more. The early work of the humanistic psychologists redirected attention to the individual human as a whole, and as a conscious and self-aware being.
By the s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging, and these areas revived interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry. This particular perspective has come to be known as the cognitive revolution Miller, Although no one person is entirely responsible for starting the cognitive revolution, Noam Chomsky was very influential in the early days of this movement Figure 1.
Chomsky — , an American linguist, was dissatisfied with the influence that behaviorism had had on psychology. European psychology had never really been as influenced by behaviorism as had American psychology; and thus, the cognitive revolution helped reestablish lines of communication between European psychologists and their American counterparts.
Furthermore, psychologists began to cooperate with scientists in other fields, like anthropology, linguistics, computer science, and neuroscience, among others. This interdisciplinary approach often was referred to as the cognitive sciences, and the influence and prominence of this particular perspective resonates in modern-day psychology Miller, Which historical development should be called the birth of psychology?
Psychology as a self-conscious field of experimental study began in , in Leipzig Germany, when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Germany. Who was the leader in functionalism? William James. Who discovered Biopsychology? Rene Descartes, a philosopher, believed that the pineal gland is where the body and the mind meet. He also formed models and theories regarding the effect of bodily fluids' pneumatics in human reflexes and motor behavior.
What is the definition of behaviorism in psychology? Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
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